Special Education Or Remedial Education Is A Program Designed

Special Education or Remedial Education is a program designed to help children who have learning disabilities and mental challenges. Special Education can be very beneficial for certain students; however, because of the diversity within a Special Education classroom students are rarely getting the correct level of education that they need. Most students do not end up not getting the specialized help they need and eventually fall through the cracks. This, along with many other problems, need to fixed. If these very serious issues within the system are not handled, then the Special Education system will fail. An example of problems within a Remedial Education class is evident in just about every school statewide. There are students in†¦show more content†¦Often times teachers will put things of IEP’s that are not one hundred percent accurate and makes the parents believe that their child is doing better than they actually are. They do this because IEP’s can refl ect back on how well the teacher is doing, for example, if a student has been reading at a kindergarten level all through elementary school and shown no improvement obviously something is wrong. The blame, however, cannot all be placed on the teachers; it is also on the lack of funding. In fact, teachers often times have a harder time than they should acquiring a students IEP report. They are kept not with the teachers, but in the office and even so they are rarely brought at to look through. They are merely a file filler just to have them so they do not get in trouble for not having them. Most of the time the only different from student to student involving their IEP is their name and cognitive ability. For the most part the same goals are set for each student. If the one thing that is supposed to help teachers educate their students is not getting used, how can there be any hope? Funding for Special Education has always been exceptionally low. This is mainly because the federal government leaves it to the states, which in return leave it to the school districts. The money that they use towards Special Education is based on how many students are in the program within the di strict. MostShow MoreRelatedSpecial Education Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Special Education In ancient Greece and Rome there are isolated examples of caring for and treating disabled individuals, although those instances are thought to be family members taking care of their own family. Typically early societies shunned people who were considered different. During the Middle Ages the church provided care for physically or mentally impaired people. The development of techniques associated with special education of today did not emerge until the Renaissance eraRead MoreJudicial Process Research Paper1738 Words   |  7 PagesDaniella Roldan Cole Taratoot November 14, 2017 Introduction to Law and Judicial Process Paper Assignment Milliken v. Bradley, 433 U.S 267 (1977) On April 7, 1970 the Detroit Board of Education adopted a plan which provided for changes in twelve out of twenty one high school attendance zones in the city of Detroit, designed to affect a more balanced ratio of Negro and white students at the senior high school level. This plan was going to take effect over a three year period with the purpose of bringingRead MoreA Research Paper on Remedial Program1649 Words   |  7 PagesSTUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Cebu Normal University October 2010 Mimieluz B. Patià ±o Venus Calinog Erlinda P. Inot Research Abstract Research Abstract TITLE:EFFECTS OF REMEDIAL PROGRAM ON THE READING LEVELS OF SOME GRADE ONE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS AUTHORS: Mimieluz B. Patià ±o Venus Calinog Erlinda P. Inot SCHOOL: Master of Arts in Education with the field of specialization in English Language Teaching STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aimed to determine the effects of remedial program on theRead MoreCommon Core Ineffectiveness1022 Words   |  5 Pagesthe new academic standards, it has a direct impact on the current and future generation of leaders, innovators, and world changers including my future children. The initial purpose of the Common Core Standards is to set high-quality learning goals designed to prepare students to be college and career ready. Given the current controversies surrounding CCSS, studies have shown that although the intent was to benefit students in the long-run it may actually be hindering their mathematical and readingRead MoreHow School Has Changed Over Time1065 Words   |  5 Pagesraces. Technology did not even exist a hundred years ago, but today, we use technology everyday in our school work. 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These assessments generally fall into to types, formative (present at each stage of learning) and summative (evaluation designed speicfically for end of lesson/project in accordance with learning goals). Formative assessments are focused on the sharing of information and teacher-student communication; teachers model how they wish the lesson outcome to appear, students use

How far did the aims and key features of the Five-Year...

How far did the aims and key features of the Five-Year Plans change in the years 1928–41? The five year plans were introduced in 1928 by the Stalin and the USSR in order to industrialise Russia. Stalin wanted Russia to be self-sufficient which it wasn’t at the time to do this. The five year plans consisted of 3 plans were run from 1928-1941. The key features and aims of the five year plans can be viewed as being different for each one, however I will be arguing to a greater extent that the key aims and features of the five year plans didn’t change that much. The first plan was introduced in 1928 and ended at 1932 and its main emphasis was on heavy industrialisation. The main aim of the first five year plan was to transform Russia into a†¦show more content†¦Its key features new roads, railways and canals were built to ensure that industries could interact and transport large quantities of industrial produce. Canals such as the Moscow-Volga were built as well as the Moscow Metro. This was done to improve efficiency in the way items were being transported as before in the first five year plan transport was really inefficient .The chemical industry was vital for agriculture as fertilizers were manufactured in them. Some of these aims and key features such as chemical industries were additions to the first five year plan and therefore show a change in the first 5 year plan. The third 5 year plan also showed some changes in some of its aims and key features. The third five year plan also focused on heavy industry. The third five year plan had a main aim focused on war economy and a lot of the earnings from heavy industry were spent on defence and rearmaments. The third year plan also continued in trying to improve consumer goods. Although a portion of the economy went to armament in the other two plans this a was a change as now a massive proportion of the economy was being spent on war efforts due to threat of invasion from Hitler’s Germany. A third of the government’s money was spent on building new airplanes and weapons. Heavy industry played a big part in the funding as raw materials such coal continued rising. Coal increased from 128 million tonnes to 165 million tonnes. The main aim of third fiveShow MoreRelatedWhy Did the League of Nations Fail?14508 Words   |  59 PagesBoone, NC 28608, USA Phone: +1-828-262 6006, email: elorant aj@appstate.edu Paper to be presented at the Sixth European Historical Economics Society Conference, 9-10 September 2005, Historical Center of the former Imperial Ottoman Bank, Istanbul. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FAIL? INTRODUCTION The economic and political instability of the interwar period and the rise of authoritarian regimes are often seen as extensions of World War I and the Great Depression. 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Analysis of Fatality Incidents for Examiners - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of Fatality Incidents for Medical Examiners. Answer: Description of the incident The report is based on the analysis of an incident where the workers were engaged in troubleshooting of a clogged pipe. The method that was applied for this purpose was adding the water to feeder line and then heating with the help of steam so that the materials can be broken which blocked the pipe. The relief cap was removed on the feeder line during the process of draining and this caused the contact of heated water with the worker. The worker had to suffer from severe burns in more than 80% of his body and later he died after suffering for 41 days (Fatality investigation reports., 2018). Background information related to the incident The incident occurred in the facility of JBS Canada Incorporated (JBS Foods) which mainly specialises in the processing of beef. The facility where the processing takes place is located in Brooks, Alberta and around 2000 workers are employed in the unit. The works are employed in the processing and the distribution of various types of meat including the graded and ungraded variety. The incident took place in the rendering area of the facility. The superintendent of the rendering section has been working in the facility for 17 years in different roles (Carroll et al., 2017). He was in the position of rendering superintendent for 4 years during the time of the incident. Many training programs had been completed by the rendering superintendent which were related to the process of rendering in the facility of JBS Foods. The supervisor was injured fatally when the incident in the facility. The supervisor has gone through many training programs related to the process before he was employed in the position. The training programs were related safety and health related issues in the working process of the employees (Katsavouni Rosenberg, 2016). Evidence available from the incident The equipment which was related to the incident is the 30.5 cm wide steel pipe which was at a length of 115m from the raw materials area. The purpose of the feeder line was to transport the raw beef from the area of raw materials to the super cooker which was installed in the rendering area. The feeder pipe was installed in the year 1995 and the design was developed by the Dupps Co., which is a manufacturing organization machinery required for processing. The feeder line 1 was considered to be a critical part of the entire process and it has a back-up when problems occurred in the line. The installation of the pipe had taken place before the facility was acquired by JBS Foods. The relief cap was attached to the opening of the pipe which was installed so that the workers were able to access the section. The water line comprised of a ball valve with a Chicago style fitting which was enabled the standard hose to be attached to the feeder line (Kjellstrom et al., 2016). Causes of the incident The major cause behind the incident was the blockage that had been detected in the feeder line 1. The blockages were detected in the control room as the pumps were struggling to move the product. Two days after this blockage issue, same problems were faced by the operations department of the facility and it was determined that the blockage had occurred again. The steps that were taken by the management to solve this issue included, the installation of a camera in the line to help in determining the source of the blockage. An equipment named pig was installed into the feeder and the operations were resumed (Merrill et al. 2016). This further led to blockage in the feeder line and it was now required to be dismantled to solve the issue. However, the scheduled maintenance related operations were not performed. The operations in the facility started and the superintendent started his job. The incident took place after he tried to remove the blockage by adding heated water into feeder lin e. The direct cause of the incident is the negligence from the end of the organization regarding the completion of maintenance work of the machine that was due for many days. This had led to the further of blockage of the pipe which caused the accident (Scheibe Blackhurst, 2017). Actions taken after the incident The rendering superintendent had seen the incident and he took the supervisor to the emergency shower that was present in the facility. The medical staff were called to the facility and the supervisor was immediately taken to the Brooks hospital. The management needs to implement maintenance plans every week so that the blockages can be detected and the issue can be resolved instantly. The cameras installed in the feeder lines need to be monitored on a continuous basis. Plan to implement the actions The actions that are needed to be taken by the management of the organization includes, the regular maintenance work of the equipments. The delay of scheduled maintenance was a major reason behind the incident. The workers also need to be provided with regular training sessions so that they are aware of the issues that can occur due to the fault in machines. The weekly maintenance of machines and regular training sessions can be helpful in preventing the occurrence of these incidents (Pierce, 2016). The employer needs to make sure that the untrained employees are not exposed to the usage of such sensitive machines. Six months after the implementation of the actions, the facility needs to well maintained and the cameras installed in the various areas need to be working properly. References Carroll, E., Johnson, A., DePaolo, F., Adams, B. J., Mazone, D., Sampson, B. (2017). Trends in United States mass fatality incidents and recommendations for medical examiners and coroners.Academic forensic pathology,7(3), 318-329. Fatality investigation reports. (2018).Work.alberta.ca. Retrieved 24 March 2018, from https://work.alberta.ca/occupational-health-safety/fatality-investigation-reports.html Katsavouni, F., Rosenberg, T. (2016). Large-scale sporting events and mass fatality incidents.ARCHIVES OF HELLENIC MEDICINE,33(5), 618-623. Merrill, J. A., Orr, M., Chen, D. Y., Zhi, Q., Gershon, R. R. (2016). Are we ready for mass fatality incidents? Preparedness of the US mass fatality infrastructure.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness,10(1), 87-97. Pierce, B. (2016). How rare are large, multiple-fatality work-related incidents?.Accident Analysis Prevention,96, 88-100. Scheibe, K. P., Blackhurst, J. (2017). Supply chain disruption propagation: a systemic risk and normal accident theory perspective.International Journal of Production Research, 1-17.

USB Fan free essay sample

I. Introduction Electricity is a form of energy that is carried through wires. Without electricity, we cannot operate things in our home. We use it almost every minute from the time we get up in the morning until we go to bed at night. Electricity helps us in lots of ways. It helps us watch television, play computer games and bathe. Without electricity a lot of things we take for granted wouldnt be here today. Imagine living in the dark with no central heating or television or computer? How bad would that be? It would be the middle ages all over again. We all know that electricity is now in high-price and we must conserve it. And using this USB fan made up of recyclable CD’s, we can say that you will try to use it, you can conserve electricity and at the same time, you are enjoying the air from it. We will write a custom essay sample on USB Fan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Electric fan consume large usage of electricity and also our environment are being abused. So we need to conserve electricity and save Mother Nature. With this device that is made up of recyclable materials, you can use at the same time your computer and this USB fan, you will just install the USB in your PC then your PC will be the source of energy of this fan for it to move. So you can lessen the usage of electricity in using electric fan while playing PC. And also it can help our environment by using recyclable CD. The device is only made up of 2 recyclable CD, USB cable, plastic tube and small engine that can be an electric fan that can produce a pleasant air. It can help our environment by the use of the recyclable materials and it can also help us in conserving electricity because USB fan made of CD can only consume a little amount of electricity than the electric fan we usually use at home. And we can make sure that it can produce a pleasant air. You will just connect the USB connector in the CPU of the computer to make it move. Honestly, it is small if you will compare it to the electric fan we usually use in our home. We can use this fan while searching our assignment in our computer so that we don’t feel the hot temperature than can cause our sweating. This research is entitled USB fan made up of recyclable CD’S that help us to reduce the Consumption of Electricity, I chose this topic, because this USB fan can help us to reduce the consumption of electricity in our home, especially to the place like computer shop with a lot of computer that consumes high power of electricity. II. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following: 1. How can USB fan help our environment? 2. How can USB fan made up of recycle CD’s lessen the consumption of electricity? 3. Who will benefit on using USB fan? 4. What are the effects of using USB fan? 5. Where can people use USB fan made up of recycle CD’s? III. Assumptions This study answers the question given in the statement: 1. The answers are valid and real. 2. USB fan can recycle technology waste products like CD. 3. It can only consume a little electricity than the electric fan we usually use. 4. All persons who have a computer in their house will benefit on this USB fan, especially a place like computer shop. 5. The effects are: People will lessen the consumption of electricity in their home. Instead of turning on your electric fan at home while making your research in your computer, you will just use your computer and conserve electricity. USB fan is cheaper than electric fans we usually use at home. 6. People can use it in their computer or laptop while doing some research or playing. IV. Scope and Delimitation This research focuses on how USB fan made up of recyclable CD’s helps people to conserve electricity in their house for their daily life. V. Significance of the Study This study aims to be beneficial to the following: STUDENTS who are using computer in their studies. SCHOOL where is a lot of computers are used by the students. COMPUTER SHOP OWNERS who own a lot of computers in their shop. PARENTS who spent so much on paying electricity bill in their home. VI. Definition of Terms CD – CD is a hard plastic disk approximately 12 cm/ 4 in. in a diameter on which information such as music or computer data is digitally encoded in format readable by laser beam. Fan – Fan is a device for moving air and also a device to circulate current of air. Small Engine – Small engine is something that supplies the drive force or energy to a movement, system, or trend. Universal Serial Bus (USB) USB is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors, and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices. Wire – Wire is strand of metal, usually copper, that is encased in plastic or another insulting material and is used to carry a electric current. \

Tzipi Livni - Speech to the United Nations General Assembly free essay sample

SAT Spanish Subject Test Information

SAT Spanish Subject Test Information If you have a particular gift for Spanish, or have just been studying for a long time in elementary and high school, then perhaps you should sign up for the SAT Spanish Test! Please note that this test is not the same or part of the Redesigned SAT Reasoning Test,, the popular college admissions exam. The SAT Spanish Subject Test is just one of the many SAT Subject Tests, which are exams designed to showcase your particular talents in all sorts of fields from World History to Literature to Chinese. SAT Spanish Subject Tests Basics Before you register for this test, heres what you can expect 60 minutes85 multiple-choice questions200-800 points possibleOffered 5 times a year in October, December, January, May and June3 types of reading questions SAT Spanish Subject Test Skills So, whats on this thing? What kinds of skills are required? Here are the skills youll need in order to master this test. Using parts of speech appropriatelyUnderstanding basic idiomsSelection of grammatically correct terminologyIdentifying main and supporting ideas, themes, style, tone, and the spatial and temporal settings of a passage. SAT Spanish Subject Test Question Breakdown The test is broken down into Part A, Part B and Part C. Here are the types of questions those three parts contain: Vocabulary and Sentence Structure: Approximately 28 questions Here, youll be given a sentence with a blank, and will be asked to choose the correct single-word response from one of four choices listed below. Paragraph Completion: Approximately 28 questions These questions provide you with a paragraph filled with blanks. Once you happen upon a blank, youll be asked to fill in that blank with an appropriate response from the choices below. Reading Comprehension: Approximately 28 questions These questions will provide you with a passage taken from prose fiction, historical works, newspaper and magazine articles, as well as advertisements, flyers and letters. Youll be asked a question related to the passage, and will have to choose the correct response from the answer choices. Why Take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? In some cases, youll need to, especially if youre considering choosing Spanish, or a Spanish-related field as a major in college. In other cases, its a great idea to take the Spanish Subject Test so you can showcase bilingualism, which is a fantastic way to round out an application. It shows the college admissions officers that you have more up your sleeve than your GPA, clubs or sports record. Plus, it can get you out of those entry-level language courses. Bonus! How to Prepare for the SAT Spanish Subject Test To ace this thing, youll need at 3-4 years in Spanish during high school, and youll want to take the test as close to the end of or during your most advanced Spanish class you plan to take. Getting your high school Spanish teacher to offer you some supplementary materials is always a good idea, too. In addition, you should practice with legitimate practice questions like youll see on the test. The College Board offers free practice questions for the SAT Spanish Test, too. Sample SAT Spanish Subject Test Question This question comes from the College Boards free practice questions. The writers have ranked the questions from 1 to 5 where 1 is the least difficult. The question below is ranked as a 3. Se sabe que la playa de Luquillo es muy popular porque la gente de San Juan la visita - . (A) en resumidas cuentas(B) en punto(C) a medias(D) a menudo Choice (D) is correct. The word that goes in the blank describes the frequency with which people in Puerto Rico visit a popular beach. The sense of frequency, as indicated by choice (D) a menudo, is appropriate.

Reference Comparison Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reference Comparison Paper - Essay Example Therefore it needs to integrate the ecological factors into the management principles to ensure minimal impact on the environment and related attributes. (Mangers, 1994) Contrary to other types of supply chains ,the green supply chain is designed to ensure that maximum sustainability of all the inputs and outputs are ensured and that the necessary steps are taken by the companies involved to ensure that minimal energy goes to waste at any level of the process green supply chain also puts into consideration the need for absolute recycling and re use .therefore this approach of supply ensures that there is minimal accumulation of waste and maximum sustainability of the resources used. (Forest, 1993) Cooperates therefore have had dynamic response and measures geared towards sustainable running of their entities. Measures have been implemented specifically for the tackling of issues related to rising material prices, environmental degradation and the increasing challenges related to the global supply chains. The relationships between the green supply chains and the conventional supply chains have proved that the green supply chains provide and give better business gains in relation to the conventional supply chains. The sustainability of the green supply chains across the globe is of better economic significance. The in-cooperation of the green supply chain ideologies and principles has recently ensured that the organizations develop sustainable ideologies that sustain them despite the harsh economic and resource deprivation of the current enterprising economy. (Gravey, 1994) Scientific reports and findings have recently indicated that global warming and environmental degradation is happening at a faster rate than the world expected. The changes as a result of this global phenomenon are quite drastic and happening at a faster rate and a greater magnitude than the world initially thought and anticipated. Therefore with the occurrence of all this resource related hap penings the world need to develop activities and mechanisms to ensure that all these issues are tackled professionally and the development activities therein become sustainable and environmental friendly causing minimal depletion of the non renewable resource bases. (Haynes, 1997) The green companies not only become sustainable to comply with the legislations and regulations of the relevant environmental management authorities or are they attempting to satisfy and meet the demands put upon them by the customers but most of this companies have a self drive to go green and support sustainable and environmental friendly supply chains ensuring that the natural resources are used in sustainable and clean development approaches. (Ake, 1995) The supply chains comprise of the purchase sector and the inbound logistics and this has the role of achieving and acquiring of products to the company for purposes of providing the raw materials for production. The related activities therefore can hav e significant effects on the environment and its related protection and conservation. Some of the activities related to this are issues like outsourcing, selection of the use materials and the choosing of the vendors. This might have significant impacts on the health and

Sustainable energy systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainable energy systems - Essay Example In larger scales, solar thermal technology harnesses enough energy for us in generating energy equivalent to geothermal plants. Solar is a clean and renewable energy implying that unlike fossil fuels it neither pollutes the environment nor gets depleted. Its use is therefore more economical owing to the minimal environmental effects. The United Kingdom uses different forms of fossil energy in the form of petroleum products. Such fuels have been in use for years all through the history of the country in running companies, automobiles and in small-scale domestic uses. Fossil fuels are convenient owing to the fact that they are portable and considerately cheaper. Developed countries including the United Kingdom constitute the greatest users of the fossil fuels therefore the greatest polluters of the environment. The phrase sustainable energy refers to the production of sufficient energy at affordable costs. The affordability of energy in this context does not only apply to the cost of p roduction but also to the environmental consequences in the course of the use of the energy resource in a particular country. The United Kingdom currently consumes an average of 300TWh annually. ... From the above brief discussion, the two forms of energy become evident: renewable energy and nonrenewable energy. Renewable energy refers to the different energy that comes from replenished sources. This refers to natural sources of energy, most of which are never depleted; they come from natural sources which continually get recycled. Among the most common sources of this energy include rain, sunlight, wind, tidal waves and geothermal heat among many others. Non-renewable energy, on the other hand, comes from depleted source key among which are fossils thereby resulting in the term fossil fuels. Fossil fuels form because of a process referred to as anaerobic decomposition of living organisms. This process takes millions of years and the resultant fuels contain a lot of carbon. The most common forms of such energy include natural gas, petroleum and coal (BOYLE, 2012: pg 31). This therefore implies that despite their convenience and cheaper cost of production, fossil fuels are not co nvenient and the country should determine a way of reducing their usage and encourage the consumption of more cost effective energies. Renewable energy is not depleted, they are commonly referred to as clean energy owing to the fact that they do not involve the combustion of any substance and therefore do not result in by products such as carbon as is the case with fossil fuels. This explains that while fossil fuels pollute the environment through the production of carbon, clean energy does not owing to the fact that they do not produce any carbon compounds as the by products. Additionally, machines that run on fossil fuels produce a lot of noise owing to the combustion

Journal Article Review Assignments Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal Review Assignments - Article Example One of the principal objectives of institutions of higher learning such as colleges and universities is to impart skills that enable its clients [the student] of whatever level to think critically while analysing problems in order to find implementable solutions that best fit the dynamic nature of the changing and challenging dimensions in the 21st century. As the title suggests, this article critiques the Teaching Practices used by instructors to achieve that very end. The authors’ argue that instructors teaching critical thinking at these same institutions do not explicitly understand the very nature of critical thinking, and as such lack the expertise to effectively transfer such knowledge [critical thinking skills] into their students’ immediate and later endeavors (Shim & Walczak, 2012, p. 16). The study, as the two co-authors explain, investigates the effects of different teaching practices used by instructors in different institutions of higher learning to sharpen the critical thinking ability of students. Shim and Walczak cite evidence from varied authors with prior interest in the same, effectively unearthing massive disagreements from how to define the concept at hand to its components. Accordingly, instructors apply varied instructional practices with no clear-cut boundaries on their suitability on course related tasks, the level of study, disciplines and/or institutions. To be sure, a standardized measure informing appropriate roadmap on the same is non-existent. Buoyed by the evidence gathered, the two dug deep into the transfer of critical thinking skills through a survey investigating the benefits derived from varied instructional methods commonly used by instructors. Like their predecessors, their findings seem to validate organized presentations, interpretation of abstract concepts, posing challenging questions and certain types of class assignment in bolstering critical thinking. The study, however, went against past studies disapproving class presentations and group projects towards the same course (Shim & Walczak, 2012, p. 24); a clear lead as to where the lack of problem solving skills needed in the workplace emanates from. Reference Shim, W., & Walczak, K. (2012). The Impact of faculty teaching practices on the development of students’ critical thinking skills. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 24(1), 16-30. 2. Arkoudis, S., & Tran, L. (2010). Writing blah, blah, blah: Lecturers’ approaches and challenges in supporting international students. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education , 22(2), 169 - 178. While the institutions of higher learning that do admit international students into their programs reap significantly in terms of revenue and sociocultural value exchanges, which includes but not limited to enhanced institutional reputation, the sustainability of such institutions with regards to the diverse needs of the students, particularly concerning an even out academic environment, remains much in doubt. Arkoudis and Tran (2010) point out that despite English language being a mandatory entry requirement for the international students in certain universities, such as those in Australia, the Language and Academic Support (LAS) programs established to assist such students in horning their English language skills are more often inaccessible, leaving a non-consultative flow of endeavors from both lecturers and their students; individual efforts that rarely converge towards the desired objective from ends. In this particular study, the authors, thus, set out to investigate the strategies used by lecturers with the view of offering

Income Elasticity of Demand: Analysis of Nestle

Income Elasticity of Demand: Analysis of Nestle Economics is the study of making choices, It examines how people choose the product in satisfying their unlimited wants by considering many factors. Economics is â€Å"The study of how society decides what, how and for whom to produce†. (Begg,2003) COMPANY PROFILE Nestlà © was founded in 1867 on the shores of Lake Geneva in Vevey, Switzerland and its first product was â€Å"Farine Lactà ©e Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬ , an infant cereal specially formulated by Henri Nestlà © to provide and improve infant nutrition. From its first historic merger with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1905, Nestlà © has grown to become the worlds largest and most diversified food Company, and is about twice the size of its nearest competitor in the food and beverages sector. In 2004, Nestlà © had around 247,000 employees worldwide, operated 500 factories in approx. 100 countries and offered over 8,000 products to millions of consumers universally. In India Nestle has its headquarters in Gurgaon,Haryana. One of the main brand is Chocolates and Confectionery which is been studied here. DEMAND Demand is the quantity buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable. The demand of the product can vary from consumers to consumers and product to product. Demand is not a particular quantity but it is the price at which the consumers will purchase the product. In case of chocolates the demand can vary if the price increases. The supply of the product is also very much essesntial, The product is to be reached to the consumers in right quantity at the right time with the right price. The demand of goods can be classified into three types: The Price of related goods : This relates to the price and demand for the substitute product , If the Nestle Chocolates are not available in the market the people will start buying the substitute goods such as ice cream, cakes etc. But there is a major role for competitors, if the nestle chocolates are not available consumers can go for Cadbury chocolates also. The price increase in the complementary products such as milk, sugar, choco powder will effect the price of the product . So the price of related good playes a important role in fixing the price of the product. Consumer Income : The income of a person plays a major role in the market, if the person income goes high the demand of the product goes high as the people start buying more chocolates. The person consuming low priced chocolates will buy good quality chocolates this is the situation where the inferior goods demand gets lower. When the income increases the per capita income of the person increases which rather increases the purchasing power of the consumer. Taste : This is one of the major factor which controls the demand of a product, when the income of the consumers are high the people will think of buying good quality chocolates, when there are competitors for nestle like Cadbury, amul etc the consumers depends on taste, the taste and preferences of a product plays a major role in setting the demand of a product. ELASTICITY Elasticity is the sensitivity of change in percentage of one variable with respect to the proportional percentage change in other variable. The Elasticity can be classified in to three : Price Elasticity of Demand This is explained as the difference between the percentage change in demand by the percentage change in price. Ed = % change in Quantity Demanded % change in Price From the above figure if the price of chocolate is been reduced by 20 pounds from 30 pounds the degree of change in demand increases from 30 kg to 50 kg , the change in price can give a very good result on the products sale ,where as when the price is been increased by 50 pounds the demand falls to 20 kg there is a great loss and the sales and demand of the product has fell down. 20%/10 %=2 , hence it is a highly elastic . Income Elasticity of Demand Income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in the income of the people demanding the product . It is calculated as the ratio of the percent change in quantity demanded to the percent change in income. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in income, the quantity of chocolate demanded increased by 20%, the income elasticity of demand would be 20%/10% = 2. A negative income elasticity of demand is associated with inferior goods an increase in income will lead to a fall in the quantity demanded and may lead to changes to more luxurious substitutes. A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal goods; an increase in income will lead to a rise in the quantity demanded. If income elasticity of demand of a commodity is less than 1, It is necessity good. If the elastisity of demand is greater that 1, It is a luxuary good.A zero income elasticity or inelastic demand occurs when an increase in income is not associated with a change in the quantity deanded of a good. Cross Elasticity of Demand : Measures the responsiveness of the quantity demand of a good to a change in the price of another good. For example, if, in response to a 10% increase in the price of Sugar, the quantity of Chocolates demanded decreased by 20%, the cross elasticity of demand would be -20%/10% = -2. It can be calculated using the following formula = % Change in Quantity deamand of product A % Change in Price of Product B Where the two goods are substitutes the cross elasticity of demand will be positive,so that as the price of one goes up the quantity demanded of the other will increase. For example in response to an increase in the price of cadbury chocolate, the demand for Nestle chocolate will rise. In case of perfecr sustitutes, the cross elastisity of demand is equal to infinity. Where the two goods are complements the cross elasticity of demand will be negative, so that as the price of one goes up the quantity demanded of the other will decrease. For example, in response to an increase in the price of sugar, the demand Chocolates will decrease Where the two goods are independent, the cross elasticity demand will be zero , as the price of one good changes,there will be no change in quantity demanded of the other good (B.Johns,S,Atkinson,.2001) ECONOMICS OF SCALE : Individual fixed Cost It is the fixed cost incurred by the company for a long term period, it can be the the machinery cost or the materials required for the production of chocolates such as milk, sugar etc , the price of these will be fixed for certain period . The labour cost also will be also fixed . Specialisation The company will be specialised in some fields or the other . Nestle chocolates can be experts in making bar chocolate while they wont be specialed in making toffees . Purchasing It is like purchasing the product in huge quantities . If the company gives the suppliers with good price and of good quality, The supplier will buy the product from the the manufacturer, they accept lower prices to secure steady demand. The customers exploit the market power. When the purchase is been made by the suppliers in large qualtity the production will be high and it can help to increase the profit. Research and Development The Company will have to concentrate on the R and D in order to get new technologies there by they can increase their production and they can research for new kind of chocolates where they can attract more customers. The company will have to invest n R D and they have to achieve a right solution. The Minimum Efficient Scale=Size of Market /No of Producers =63ooo/7=9000 MES=9000/63000=14.28%. http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3-956E-0F259448CB90 TECHNOLOGY Technological progress can improve the companys production, its products its labour etc. By introducing new technology machine where by new designs of chocolates can be produced and new mixture of flavours can be added together so that the customers can be attracted. The new technology machines can even cut down the cost of production there by the price of the product can be reduced there by the supply can go high. Economies of scope 1) Common Facilities: In this the company makes different products with the same employed workers, this can help the company to reduce the cost there by increase the companys profit. For example the people who make nestle chocolates can even try for making nestle biscuits there by the product can be successful and dont want to incur much expenses. 2) Transferable Experience It is the experience been transferred from one place to another, the experience gained from one organisation is been applied and their strategies are been blended together so that the company can earn more profit and the production can be increased. 3) Influences on Demand Demand for the product can increase if the product has a good brand image. If the Nestle chocolates are having demand in the market and the consumers purchase nestle chocolates by seeing the brand name and good will , the product next launched my Nestle will be more easy to be sold as the first product benefits the sale of the second. CONCLUSION The company need to keep a track on the markets demand and supply of the product there by the company can gain more profit by providing with the right product at the right time, The company should try to sell the chocolates to its suppliers within the equilibrium price so that they benefit in selling and they favour in selling our companies chocolates as they give them more profit. When the demand gets high, ample amount of products should be available in the market there by increasing the production and this can increase the companys goodwill. The company should follow the consumers tastes and preferences and should also consider the income of persons and price of related good. When taking in to consideration all the factors like technological, elasticity, economic scope, economies of scale the company can gain the goodwill of the market and people. References: Begg.D (2003) Foundations of Economics ,Second edition,McGraw Hill Education,Berkshire. http://www.nestle.com/ Atkinson, B.Johns,S.(2001)Studying Economics:Palgrave. http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3-956E-0F259448CB90

Principles of communication in adult and social care settings Essay

Ai Identify four different reasons why people communicate Making and developing relationships People communicate to make new relationships. The way I first speak and listen to a newcomer can make them feel welcome or overlooked. As I speak or comment, listen and watch, take an interest, smile and nod, whether to a service user, a member of their family, a colleague or a visiting practitioner I am building and developing my relationship with them. Communication will continue to be the main way I nurture and develop my relationships at work. Read more: Identify different reasons why we communicate  essay Giving and receiving information At work I will be expected to give and receive different types of information. Perhaps a service user confides in me, or a member of their family asks me a question. A colleague could give me instructions a visiting practitioner might make an observation. The information I give, receive and pass on will help me to carry out my work effectively. Expressing needs and feelings Expressing needs and feelings is part of being human and these are communicated through behaviour as well as speech. Most people need to share needs and feelings with each other and in this way build up a sense of trust with the person they confide in. Sharing thoughts and ideas Human process many of their thoughts by discussing them. If I have ideas, questions and opinions about my work, sharing them with colleagues helps to clarify, develop and even change the way I think and act. The way in which I respond to the thought processes of service users could encourage or discourage their sharing with me. Affirming one another Affirmation is about acknowledging and encouraging each other and reassuring individuals of their worth and value. Affirmation is communicated through positive words, praise and gestures. Some care settings use support groups, staff meetings and appraisals as ways of affirming practitioners about their work performance. Aii Describe two ways how communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carers, colleagues and other practitioners. The ability to communicate well is a key skill that enables me to work effectively with others. Communication process is much about listening and receiving messages as it is about talking and giving messages. As a care worker I need to be skilled in both aspects. My communication skills will develop and become more effective as I gain experience in my work role, learning from observing more experienced colleagues. Learning from others, seeking for advice and using support are all part of this process. During my work with service users there will be specific situations where good communication skills are particularly necessary. Sharing information In a care setting it is vital that information is shared appropriately between workers to enable each member of team to carry out his or her role effectively. I will also need to share information with service users and their relatives. Sometimes the information might be of a sensitive nature, such as when breaking bad news or dealing with private information, and I will need to be especially sensitive. In the course of my work I will need to find out information, pass on information and listen information. Providing support Communication is the main way in which I continue to sustain relationships and build this up. As a health and social care worker I will need to offer support to service users and their families and this is enabled through both verbal and nonverbal communication. I will need to listen, as much as I  speak and the use of appropriate and non intrusive touch can add to sense of being supportive. Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Asking/Observing the Individual. Asking/Observing is probably the best way of establishing the individual’s communication and language needs as this would immediately allow me to establish their usual language, if they are visually or hearing impaired etc. Check the Care plan for the individuals communication needs. The Care plan can be a good source of information on the needs of the resident, but if documented incorrectly due to human error this method becomes ineffective. If the first two don’t provide me with the needed information I could ask resident’s family, friends, doctor or other professionals who have worked with the individual. This is another effective method, only to be used if the first two fail. Aiv Describe three factors to consider when promoting effective communication Proximity. Physical distance: the better you know a person the closer I am likely to be physically. Closeness can encourage sharing. Positioning chairs at an angle rather than side by side makes it physically easier to talk to another person. Sitting directly opposite is more formal and can feel confrontational. Sometimes a table between me helps a person feel protected. Yelling from one room to another doesn’t aid communication. Orientation. Body position: leaning forward can communicate that you are interested, but too close might invade â€Å"body space†. Turning away can show lack of interest , but standing directly opposite a person can be too direct, where being at  an angle can provide a helpful space. Posture. Behaviour: folded arms can look defensive and discourage communication. Friends and family without realising, often mirror the other person’s posture during conversation, which is thought to increase a sense of familiarity. Standing over a person who is seated might feel patronising or threatening. Av Describe three verbal and three non verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult care setting. Communication is a complex process made up of many different elements to do with verbal and non verbal language. These are reflected in a range of communication styles and methods. Communication is also a two-way process that must take into consideration the reactions of others and respond appropriately. To be a skilled communicator and interpreter of communication I must pay close attention to my words and actions, as well as the words and actions of others. Verbal communication. It’s about the choice of words being spoken, but also the way the words are said. Vocabulary. Choosing words that are appropriate to the service user’s level of understanding is important. Perhaps English is not their first language, or they have communication difficulties associated with a physical condition. At the same time, I need to be aware of not being too simplistic and coming across as patronising. Tone of voice. Tone of voice concerns the emotional message being conveyed alongside the spoken words. When these don’t match, people can become aware of my emotions and will pick up whether I am irritated or anxious, for example. Pitch of voice. Pitch of voice concerns how low or high my voice sounds. Speaking in a low voice can be calming and soothing, but too low and I can sound boring. In contrast, a high pitch can sound shrill and be unpleasant to listen to. Non verbal communication Non-verbal communication is a form of communication that take place almost subconsciously, that is, without being aware of thinking. It provides clues about the meaning of spoken language. Body language. Body language relates to the way my body reflects my thoughts and feelings. This can add emphasis to my words, but if I don’t really mean what I am saying it can also reveal a truer and contradictory message beneath my words. For example, exclaiming, â€Å"how fascinating† might sound as though I am interested, but body language of tapping fingers, poor eye contact and stifled yawns betrays I am actually bored. Gestures. Gestures are signs made with the hands and arms to illustrate or emphasise my words or to stand in place of words. People often gesticulate during conversations without really thinking about it. I might see someone gesticulating while talking on the phone, even though the person receiving the call cannot see their gestures. Some gestures are understood across many different countries of the world, such as thumbs up, meaning â€Å"good news†, but not all the gesture are universal and instead of clarifying a message, could create a confusion. Eye contact. Eye contact is very important and sometimes it is difficult to know if a person is telling the truth unless I can look into their eyes. Holding someone gaze is a sign of intimacy, but to do so with a person I don’t know well can feel uncomfortable, even threatening. During most conversations it is normal for my gaze to flit to and from another’s face. When working with service users who have communication difficulties it can help to exaggerate elements of non-verbal communication to provide more clues about my spoken message. Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions  during communication. The following qualities will help to respond appropriately to the communication of others. Awareness of how my communication is being received. Look for nonverbal cues that indicates the recipient’s interest and understanding and equally those that indicate misunderstanding or boredom. Sensitivity to tune into my recipient’s emotional responses to my words. Flexibility to change the way I am saying something in order to clarify my meaning and increase understanding. Communication techniques. Some communication techniques assist with the process of responding to the reactions of others. Echoing. Echoing is a technique where I repeat back what a person has said in a way that both checks my understanding of their words and also affirms the underlying feeling being expressed. For example, if a distressed resident of a care home tells me she thinks someone has stolen items from her room, I might say, â€Å"It must be upsetting for you to think someone has been interfering with your personal belongings.† Mirroring. Mirroring is a communication technique used to improve rapport with another person. In many cases it happens naturally, where one person reflects the other person’s physical positions and mannerisms, their tone of voice, word use and communication style. Asking questions. If I want a person to express their ideas and feelings I am best to ask open questions which invite broader responses. ‘How are you feeling today’ Is and example, where a service user is free to respond in a way they choose. If I ask a closed question the answer is usually reduced to one word, for example ‘Are you feeling better today?’ Invites a ‘yes’ or a ‘no’ Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence the way they  communicate. Communication is all about sharing with one another and yet each person communicates slightly differently according to their different background and experience. The impact of differences. Diversity is something to be celebrated and enjoyed, but our differences can also lead to misunderstanding and different interpretations of the same communication Cultural background. Cultural differences refer to a variety of different influences, such as family background, peer group, religion, and ethnicity. These all play a part in shaping the way a person views the world and spin dot it. Cultural differences are revealed by particulars attitudes, values and practices, all of which have bearing on how a person communicates and understands the communication of others. For example, if an individual comes from a family where it is usual to make decisions through noisy and heated discussions, this person might find it difficult to accept an order without question. Individual personality. Although individuals share personality traits in common with others, the unique make-up of these and the way they operate together is individual to that person. One individual might be quiet and reserved, another enthusiastic and bubbly and this will affect the way each communicates and responds to communication. Levels of confidence. All communication requires a certain amount of confidence to speak up, make a statement, or share with others through spoken or written words. Sometimes a person has had their confidence undermined by a previous experience of communication, such as being misunderstood, or laughed at for mispronouncing a word, or perhaps an experience from childhood, such as failing their English exams. Confidence builds up over time but can be knocked down in seconds by a thoughtless or unkind response. Competence in communication skills Literacy skills refer to a person’s competence in reading, writing and speaking in a particular language. The service users I work with may be a different levels of competence in literacy and need to be communicated with a level they can cope with. Some adults struggle with literacy and may feel embarrassed by their difficulties. As well as literacy skills, some individuals will have better access to and be more competent using information and computer technology (ICT) than others. I should not assume that everyone I have dealings with at work has access to the internet and email, or mobile phones, or that they are competent in using such technology. Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier: sender speaks different language. Overcome: to have a translator or a dictionary Barrier: poor or incomplete information selection. Overcome: to give as many details possible Barrier: hearing difficulties, visual difficulties. Overcome: to seek for medical advice and find a way of communication Barrier: sender cannot express message clearly, I speech or writing. Overcome: to use body language and sign language Barrier: distraction. Overcome: to change the environment, to focus Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstanding Communication is a complex process and Health and social care is a complex area, so it is inevitable that misunderstandings will arise from time to time. When a. Is understanding happens it is important to have a range if methods to clarify the situation and improve communication. Adapt my message: Sometimes the message needs to be said or written in a different way. Perhaps the tone need to change, or the message style. The language I have used might need to be simplified. Maybe a phone conversation has been unsatisfactory in some way, but a face to face meeting would help establish better communication. Change the environment: It might be necessary to make changes to the environment to enable better communication. For example, if I am conducting a meeting in an office where people are constantly coming in and out, or the phone keeps ringing, I will need to find a quieter place to speak. Ask for feedback: In most situations it is acceptable to stop the flow of conversation with the person I am speaking with to check that I have understood correctly what is being spoken about. Equally, I can check that the person I am communicating with can hear me or understand me. Ax A social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or service that they may be helpful. There is a range of support available to enable effective communication with the service users I work with and members of their family. Importantly, individuals need to be informed about these services and be able to access them. For example: – support available via local authorities and services, such as NHS and adult social services departments. Help is also available from national charities, such as ICAN, for speech and language needs and the national Autistic society for those with autism. – The Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) is another source for advice and assistance on advocacy, translation and interpretation. – in addition there may be projects operating in local areas and these are likely to be advertised at a local library or community centre, or in a health centre. Communication support tends to include these categories: – speech and language services – translation and interpreting services – language service professionals (LSP) – advocacy services. Task B case study You are a social worker and a service user, Hannah, tells you she is unhappy  taking her medication. She thinks she does not need it and so she is throwing it away. You know from her care plan that Hannah does not need to take the medication regularly and gets confused. Hannah begs you to keep this confidential and not to tell anyone especially her daughter, who she sees regularly, as her daughter will be very angry. Bi How would you explain the term ‘confidentiality to Hannah’ I would say to Hannah that confidentiality refers to the need to handle personal information in ways that are appropriate, safe and professional and meet legal requirements. And it is my duty of care to look after her and to inform the appropriate people about possible situations when she might be at risk. In this case, not taking medication could be a risk for her mental health and I need to report to my managers in first instance and to seek for medical advice or other professional advice if need it and to explain all this to Hannah. And also that might need to involve family if necessary or if it specified in Care plan. Bii Describe the possible tensions that may arise between telling others or Hannah’s decisions and keeping this information totally confidential. The relationship I built with service users and their families are central to my care role. If I share their personal information with others who have no need or right to know I risk breaking their trust in me. Hannah also needs to know thee are secure systems and procedures operating in the care stating to protect confidential information. Some information must be kept confidential for safety reasons. For example, some service users as categorised as vulnerable adults, such as a person with special needs whose wearer outs might need to be protected from a relative who abused them in some way in the past. Biii Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication A great deal of information will pass around at my work placement through conversations, hand-over reports, letters, written reports and emails. Some  of it will be confidential and I need to know how to manage this appropriately in a care setting. If I am unsure whether information is confidential, ask a senior member of staff. Spoken information: Oral information can be transferred via face to face conversations, or over the phone. These might take place during meetings, or in less formal settings. If I need to discuss a confidential matter with a service user, family member, or with a colleague or visiting practitioner, I have to make sure I find somewhere private where I will not be interrupted or overheard. In care settings it is not generally the policy to discuss confidential matters over the telephone, unless I can verify the person is who they claim to be. Never leave confidential messages on an answering machine. Do not at any time be tempted to gossip about confidential work matters. Paper information: Personal records including notes, reports and letters concerning individual service and their families should be kept together in a file which is locked in a safe place. A lockable filing cabinet is inky safe if keys are not left lying around. Equally, rooms with keypads are not secure if the door has been propped open. To be aware of leaving documents around such as diaries, telephone messages and faxes if these contains confidential information. Many organisations have a policy that personal records must not be removed from their workplace, because could be lost, seen by others, damaged, or the information could be taken and used wrongly. Electronic information: These days great deal of information is stored and transferred electronically, via computer. Computer files should be protected using passwords which are only shared with authorised individuals. Care must be taken to close private documents after use, to prevent individuals who are passing from catching sight of the screen. To be vigilant when transporting information between computers via memory pens or discs. To make sure the memory pen doesn’t get lost and that the information doesn’t remain on the hard drive of the computer it was played on. Biv Explain when and how a social care worker should get advice about  confidentiality Anytime need it. We can always ask our superiors for advice, read policies and procedures and talk with appropriate bodies. When we are not sure about a situation or a person we should always double check first with our manager and to go to their files or documents and find out more information. We can always ask HR department as well.

The Tipping Point

In the novel, The Tipping Point, by Malcolm Gladwell epidemics are meant to include smoking, crime and even Hush Puppies. People you know can spread social or medical epidemics. Epidemic: Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time. In the novel, The Tipping Point, by Malcolm Gladwell he explains many epidemics that have effected everyone in one way or another. For example, Hush Puppies, teenage smoking, and crime in cities.It is said that there are three people involved in the spread of many epidemics. These people are mavens, salesmen, and connectors. Mavens are people who live to learn. Maven comes from the Yiddish, it means one who accumulates knowledge. (60) It is said that mavens are â€Å"obsessed† with getting the best deal on items. Also involved in spreading an epidemic is a â€Å"salesman. † This person has the skills to persuade other people that are unconvinced of the idea we are hearing. (70) The last and most commonly heard is a connector.A connector is one person who knows a wide range of people. â€Å"Sprinkled amount every walk of life, in other words, are a handful of people with a truly extraordinary knack of making friends and acquaintances. They are Connectors. † (41) Two significant men in the novel are Bernard Goetz, and Roger Horchow. Horchow is described as a Connector, whereas Goetz would be considered a salesman. A Successful business man in the area of Dallas, Roger Horchow is a prime example of a connector. Horchow has backed popular Broadway plays such as Les Miserables and Phantom of the Opera.Horchow had scored a 98 on a list of randomly selected names from a Manhattan phonebook, the average score was not that high. What makes him know so many people? He told Gladwell, that he was not using his range of people as a business strategy, and he did not consider it a collection (43) but for him to know. Horchow has the memory to remembe r the little boys he played with when he young. Remembering every name, and address of the person. (44) When in the business world you meet many different people.If you are a true business man and this person you have met would help you succeed, one would remember them. I know many connectors that are in my life, but when writing this one comes into mind. Phil Marcario, or as me and my friends had come to know him, Uncle Phil. He owns a restaurant that is known by many. Uncle Phil moves around a lot, from Cutchogue, to Wading River, to Rocky Point, and now to Jamesport, and Florida. Holidays and occasions as he talks about the people he knows, I constantly ask him â€Å"How do you know so many people†. He simply answers, â€Å"People owe me a lot of favors. That could be the Italian in him speaking, but after reading the Tipping Point, I often wonder if he is a connector and has started epidemics. â€Å"Perhaps it is best to call the Connector impulse simply that- an impuls e, just one of the many personality traits that distinguish one human being from another. † (46) December, 22 1984, something unthinkable happened on a subway in New York City. Bernard Goetz shot four young boys who were attempting to mug Goetz. (134) Some would say he was asking to be mugged by sitting next to the boys when the car was completely empty.But was he demonstrating something to the other subway goers? This man was considered a hero by many. He had shown people that there is a way to stop being mugged, although it was violent and illegal. Illegal and ungodly, sure, but the city's crime rate reached â€Å"epidemic proportions. † (135) Murders had now seem to drop by two thirds of what they had been. A salesmen is someone who persuades and convinces other people to buy, or believe something. How is Goetz a salesmen? He sold the idea that there is a way of lower the crime in New York City. This shooting open doors for subways. The Graffiti was symbolic of the c ollapse of the system. † (142) Soon enough the subway companies brought in David Gunn to help with this problem. Every night the cars would be painted over covering the fresh graffiti that youths had done. No car that was dirty would be used on the tracks. A salesman makes emotional sense of an idea or an object. (200) A salesman convinces the unconvinced, and teaches the uneducated. Goetz taught New York City officials about the crime in a violent matter, but both my mother and Goetz taught a person, or a while city by doing.Connecters, Mavens, and Salesman fall into one of the three laws that were described in the book The law of the Few. This law says that those three categories of people are the ones responsible for spreading epidemics. So if one were ever thinking of spreading a word-of-mouth epidemic, you would want them to be your prime resource. (256) Roger Horchow and Bernard Goetz two men who had spread or had the ability to spread epidemics make you think that there are many people close to you that can too spread social and public epidemics.

Cognitive behavioral therapy Essays

Cognitive behavioral therapy Essays Cognitive behavioral therapy Paper Cognitive behavioral therapy Paper Can a humanistic model of counselling be integrated with a cognitive (or cognitive – behavioural) one? Discuss with reference to Rogers and either Beck or Egan. In the first part of this essay I will summarise the main features of humanistic counselling and the cognitive approach. Rogers used a humanistic person centred approach to therapy and I will look at his view of people, their potential, what goes wrong and what can help them to change. Egan was a cognitive therapist and I will address the above points in relation to his â€Å"Skilled Helper† model. Similarities and key differences in theory, practise and value base between the two approaches will then be discussed. In the second part of the essay, I will use my own previous experience as a client to show how an experienced counsellor can integrate aspects of these two models effectively. I will then look at potential difficulties in making the humanistic and cognitive approach to therapy fit together successfully. I will give a critical analysis of these models, with particular reference to my own therapy and general diversity of needs within the client group. The concluding paragraph will contain an abridgement of the main points covered within the essay. Humanistic therapy emphasises the therapeutic relationship advocated by Rogers with the three core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard. Without these conditions present Rogers asserts that the counselling will be ineffective. Humanistic therapy is non- directive and optimistic. Rogers, (2008 p. 137) supports this viewpoint â€Å"The person centred approach, depends on the actualising tendency present in every living organism, the tendency to grow, to develop, to realise its full potential†. A humanistic therapist s uses active listening skills including clarifying, paraphrasing, reflecting and summarising. The therapist being non-judgemental is essential to the success of person centred therapy. The only ‘tool’ required in the counselling Page two room is ‘the self’; the relationship in and of itself, with the ‘safe space’ for the client to freely express emotions accomplishing the healing. Egans cognitive approach is a directive, systematic, cumulative, problem solving three stage model of helping. Stage one considers the clients present scenario; the counsellor encourages the client to tell their story; using core conditions, active listening skills plus a few challenging questions enabling the counsellor to understand the client’s present frame of reference. Stage two considers the preferred scenario; using directive questions prefixed with words like ‘how’ and ‘in what way,’ the client is moved towards a more objective understanding, an alternative way of viewing their world. The client is encouraged to develop Goals and objectives based on opportunities for future action. Stage three A strategic action plan workable within the clients lifestyle moving them towards desired outcomes is formulated, with plans for future evaluation. Egan (1990 p. 29) identifies one of the main roles of the counsellor in this process â€Å"Counsellors can help their clients empower themselves by helping them identify and develop unused or underused opportunities and potential†. Egan’s model provides principles as guidelines, the correct formula; taking action to valued outcomes is individually tailored to each client, including homework for the client on agreed goals. Rogers views the person as having an inner core to his personality which he terms the organism. The instinctual, somatic, sensory unselfconscious aspect of a human being, as opposed to the reflective, measured and self-conscious part that he describes as the self. Rogers considers, as stated by Embleton, L. ( 2004 p. 32 ) â€Å" that the organism is trustworthy and does not need to be controlled or directed from the outside†. He considers people to be social, self-regulatory and responsible for their own actions, with a natural tendency towards growth and self-actualisation. Each person is valued as a unique individual. Within Humanistic therapy the potential is there for the re integration of self and organism, thus Page three enabling self-actualisation to take place. A phrase used by Kierkegaard the first modern existentialist – to be that self which one truly is – I feel expresses the idea of self-actualisation very well, indicating the potential for growth and change believed by Rogers to be inherent within all of us. Rogers puts forward the view that the client held in the therapeutic relationship, when given the freedom to fully experience his feelings realises his potential to experience being (increased self- awareness) and becoming (self-actualisation). What goes wrong, thus bringing a client into therapy? Rogers considers the problem to be lack of balance in a person’s life, conflict between what has been internalised as belief, conditions of worth and values, and what the person is presently experiencing. Dissolution of protective defence mechanisms that had previously enabled the client to function in their daily life, leads as they experience a life changing event to dysfunction with mental, emotional and sometimes physical disintegration. To reverse this process and bring about reintegration and balance through humanistic therapy, the relationship needs to be firmly established and the core conditions of the therapeutic relationship modelled by the therapist. Within this relationship conditions of worth are minimised. The positive regard offered by the counsellor facilitates an increase in the client’s positive self-regard leading to reintegration and ultimately self-actualisation. Egan views people as being subject to operant conditioning. In essence â€Å"in any situation or in response to any stimulus, the person has available a repertoire of possible responses and emits the behaviour that is reinforced or rewarded† (Mc Leod p. 126). Egan considers that the client’s repertoire of available responses and processing of information mostly learned during childhood will be uniquely theirs, and may not presently be serving their best interests. The cognitive therapist will Page four look for unused or unrecognised life enhancing potential within the client. Egan views peoples actions as a direct result of their feelings and the thinking (cognition) preceding them. People have the potential to unlearn behaviour that does not serve their vital interests and replace it with learned appropriate behaviour. The therapist using ‘The Skilled Helper’ model is able to facilitate the client’s understanding of what is going on for them right now, what they would like to be happening and to assist them in developing strategies, achievable goals and an action plan to get them there. Both cognitive and humanistic therapists are in agreement that the counsellor needs first to establish the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard with their client. During the first stage of the cognitive approach when the client is telling their story as in person centred therapy active listening skills are used. The cognitive therapist will also add challenging the client’s perception of their present situation, which is directly in opposition to the total acceptance of the clients frame of reference proffered by the humanistic therapist. Who has the answer to the client’s problem? The humanistic therapist places their trust in the client, and their innate ability to resolve their own issues and reach their full potential. The counsellor listens to the client clarifying even those issues which may be just below the client’s level of awareness. â€Å"Listening of this very special active kind is one of the most potent forces for change that I know† (Rogers2008p. 136). Cognitive therapy sees people as needing direction and guidance to resolve their problems. This therapeutic approach has a rather pessimistic view of people seeing them as innately sinful, destructive, and lazy or a combination of all three; the client being unable to be trusted without assistance to ‘find their own way’. A structured disciplined approach is used in cognitive therapy the value of the therapy is considered to be dependent upon the achievement of set goals and actions by the client. The desired end result Page five is discussed and set with the client very early on in the therapy. The counsellor has in mind at the outset how the therapy will progress, and what needs to be accomplished as the client is encouraged to move from stage one through to stage three. In humanistic therapy the client chooses what will be brought to each session not the counsellor. There is no structured problem solving or set goal, and the right time to end therapy is ideally decided by the client. The client’s autonomy is highly valued. Rogers speaks of a ‘directional flow’ moving the client towards growth, healing and the self-actualisation considered by Maslow to be the pinnacle of achievement that all human beings are striving for. For either therapy to work Egan and Rogers both agree that there has to be a willingness by the client to engage in the therapy. They put forward slightly different reasons for resistance in some clients. Rogers (2008 p. 213) feels that â€Å"resistance to the therapist is entirely due to too much probing or too rapid interpretation on the part of the counsellor†. Egan(1990 p. 169) puts forward the idea that resistance refers to â€Å" the reaction of clients who in some way feel coerced†. Both therapeutic approaches stress, that for therapy to be effective the inevitable power differential between client and counsellor needs to be minimised. Also individuality including aspects of the client’s culture religion and gender should be valued and respected by the therapist. I can foresee potential difficulties for myself as a newly qualified therapist in using the two approaches together effectively as I may lack the expertise to know when to use each model and with which client. As I gain in experience and self-awareness I anticipate making effective use of both therapeutic models within my practise. My training uses an integrative approach and I plan to use a variety of different therapies in my future work. I was fortunate to see cognitive and humanistic approaches well modelled by my Page six personal therapist over the eighteen months of our work together. When I entered personal therapy all of the structure in my life had vanished. My defence mechanisms spoken of by Rogers had been breached. I had little self-worth and low self-esteem blaming myself for remaining in a physically and emotionally abusive relationship for thirty four years. In April 2008 as I sat for the first time opposite a counsellor I was vulnerable, frightened and suicidal. I am sure for several months I would have been incapable of rising to the challenge of a cognitive approach. I did not at that time have the mental and emotional capacity to set goals or the motivation to see them through. Using a rather gentler person centred approach the therapeutic conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard were established as we worked through various issues and emotions. About half way through my therapy we came to a ‘sticking point’. I had developed an eating disorder and the humanistic model didn’t seem to be helping me. My counsellor opted for a cognitive approach at this stage and asked me to keep a food diary. Together we set goals; the desired outcome was for me to eat healthy food three times a day. At this point I was ready for a challenge. In achieving these goals my self-esteem was boosted. Egan 1990 p. 37 states â€Å"Ideally, clients by their actions come to â€Å"own† the helping process instead of being the objects of it†. This is exactly what happened to me; as from then on I took a more active part in my own therapy. The positive regard shown by my therapist at all times empowered me to ‘own my healing process’. For me the integration of the two different approaches gave the best therapeutic outcome. Had my therapist initially used only a cognitive approach I am sure I would have felt overwhelmed. My life had recently involved massive changes I did not feel capable at that time of working towards further change. It would have appeared too intrusive and directive. I would have been resistant to Page seven the therapy and stopped attending, possibly prejudicing future therapy. Later cognitive therapy was used very effectively when I reached a ‘sticking point’. People are unique bringing their own values and beliefs to therapy. These may be shaped by culture, religion, gender, class or ethnic origin. Any or all of these will have an impact on the counselling relationship, and which therapeutic approach might be most effective in helping a particular client. Native Americans tend to resent being coerced and motivated into doing things, they prefer to work things out for themselves; a counsellor therefore may find a humanistic approach suits this client. In contrast â€Å"A characteristic of certain ethnic minority groups is the desire for a structured relationship in which the counsellor is cast as an expert giving advice and solutions to problems, a therapist who is active, authoritative and directive† (Patterson C. H. ). This client may not be able to engage with person centred therapy but benefit from the more directive cognitive approach. Care must be taken however not to stereotype a particular client group In conclusion I have looked at both humanistic and cognitive therapies, their similarities and differences. Having myself experienced both therapies effectiveness in the healing process, I can see how they could be used at different times with the same client. However, therapy needs to be uniquely tailored to the individual clients needs with particular reference to the diversity of culture, religion, ethnicity and values found within all humanity. Word count 2166 Page eight References Egan, G. ed. (1990) The Skilled Helper. Loyola University of Chicago, Brooks/Cole. Publishing company Pacific Grove California. Embleton, L. et al. (2004) The Person Centred Approach. A contemporary introduction. U. K. Palgrave Macmillan. Mc Leod, J. ed. (2008) Behavioural methods in counselling. IN: Mc Leod, J. An introduction to Counselling. Finland. W. S. Bookwell. Patterson, C. H. Multicultural Counselling: From diversity to Universality. Available at. [Accessed 10 December 2010]. Rogers, C. ed. (2008). The therapeutic relationship. IN Kirshenbaum, H. Land Henderson, V. The Carl Rogers Reader. Great Britain. Constable. Rogers, C. ed. (2008). Theory and research. IN: Kirsenbaum,H. Land Henderson, V. The Carl Rogers Reader. Great Britain.

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